The importance of Quran’s legislative miracle (E’jaz-e Tashrii) can be estimated from its widespread presence in and influence on human society. With the ever-increasing development of sciences, the investigation and explanation of Quran’s legislative miracle is considered a necessity. Despite the fact that an extensive literature has developed around the miracle of Quran, very few studies have been conducted on Quran’s legislative miracle. Given the interdisciplinary nature of the subject, the present article intends to survey the ways through which Quran’s legislative miracle can be proved. First, Quran’s legislations are of ultra-terrestrial and miraculous nature. Second, Quran’s legislations are not influenced by the Old Testament but are rather superior to those of the Old Testament.Finally, Quran’s legislations are free of the caveats of ordinary legislations. The fact that these legislations were spelled out by Prophet Muhammad who was illiterate is clear evidence for the miraculous nature of Quran.

In Iranian legal system, several acts have been enacted on the liability of foreign state for violating international law. Some of these acts have been enacted in order to protect the rights of the Iranian people and diplomatic support, and others in order to make counter measure against violation of immunity from jurisdiction and enforcement ‎by a foreign state, as well as to determine the competent court to file lawsuits and similar issues. In this study, Iran's legislative performance in the mentioned issues with an analytical approach, in order to identify Iran's legal capacity regarding the responsibility of the foreign state is examined and then the gaps in the mentioned laws are discussed. A study of the various acts in this field shows that these acts are often written without proper notice to sufficient accuracy, expert opinions and principles of legislation. Therefore, it is needed to consolidate these acts, which mainly have the same subjects, into a coherent act with sufficient scrutiny in writing articles, considering international law, and without mere quick reactionary approach to foreign state’s measures.

A country’s level of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita over time had frequently been used as an indicator of economic development. Iran’s per capita income in 1977 (shortly before the 1979 revolution) has been higher than its average income earned per person recorded for all the years of the post-revolutionary era thus far. Therefore, a question is raised whether the country’s lower level of economic development (as measured by its per capita income) has been a result of the religious nature of the key governing bodies of the Islamic Republic of Iran established on the basis of Article Four of the Constitution. It is crucial to investigate the accuracy of the assertion that these institutions might have indeed contributed to the vicious cycles of underdevelopment of the country in order to find alternative solutions to the slow-down in Iran’s economic development process.The authors attempt to answer the following two research questions: 1. In accordance with Douglas North's chain of belief-institution-transformation, how has Iran’s level of national development been influenced by the religious nature of its key political institutions established after the revolution based on Article Four of the Constitution? 2. To what extent have the Guardian Council (Shorā-ye negahbān) and the Expediency Discernment Council (Majmaʿ tashkhis-e maṣleḥat-e nezām) influenced Iran’s economic development in the 1980-2020 period? A careful investigation of this issue is important in order to facilitate the policymakers’ better understanding of the underlying causes of the persistent vicious cycles of the country's underdevelopment in the hope of averting a worsening of the situation. Based on the theoretical framework of Douglas North's notion    of the  belief-institution-economic  performance,  the  authors  hypothesize that religious beliefs have had an impact on the enactment of laws and ultimately on economic development in Iran in the 40-year period from 1980 to 2020. Thematic analysis is used to collect and interpret qualitative data pattern on themes in the data set provided by the Guardian Council (GC) Research Institute related to the GC's decisions and opinions on the laws introduced and forwarded by the Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majles-e shorā-ye eslāmi or Iran’s parliament) since 1980 (i.e., the starting year of the GC’s function). The main focus of this paper is on the role of the Guardian Council which is an influential institution—because its members perform the task of screening each legislation concerning its constitutionality—and thus has veto power over legislations introduced by the unicameral parliament (Majles). The Expediency Discernment Council (EDC) also has a significant impact on the legislation process by settling disagreements between the Majlis and the GC over laws and deciding which of the two political institutions is right.The findings revealed that a total of 3339 legislation were screened by the GC during the 40-year period, only 175 legislations (5.24 percent) were disapproved, 12 legislations (0.36 percent) remained ambiguous, and 3152 legislations (94.40%) were finally approved. 171 cases (14.73 percent) had also been referred to the EDC at the request of the Majlis. 175 legislations had been rejected by both the GC and the EDC because they were deemed as non-congruent with Islamic law as emphasized in Article four of the Constitution. Among all the rejected legislations, no important piece of legislation with economic implication was observed, with the exception of the case related to the Financial Action Task Group (FATF).  However, the impasse on the FATF legislation as well as the other undecided legislations—particularly on the most challenging foreign policy issues—can be seen as the weaknesses in the political institutions’ decision-making processes. Only the accrued cost of the month-long delays caused by the drawn-out process of screening the legislations might be considered a monetary factor with adverse impact on economic performance of the country, but there might be less evident factors which have indirect development implications. Considering the impact of these issues on the country’s national interest, it is the duty of the experts to further examine the economic and political implications of these delayed legislations and persuade the policymakers to work towards conflict resolution and reach a consensus.

Lawmaking is the most important procedure which other judicial or executive procedures are influenced by it so the importance of all its processes are increased. Legislation is one of the components of the legislative process which itself can be made based on different factors. A review of the legislative process in different countries suggests that in a general classification, the law-making structure can be classified based on the concentration ratio or diffusion degree in lawmaking as well as the quality of interaction between the lawmakers or legislators and experts as well as the public, into three categories: centralized, consensus-based and diffused. During centralized law-making process, policy is formed within the framework of the executive branch as well as through some central coordinated mechanism. In the consensus-based process, both the executive and legislative branches have necessary human resources to transform policies into laws. Diffused law-making is characterized by the adoption as well as orientation of policies not only in the executive and legislative branches but also beyond the government system. According to this categorization, the legal system in the Islamic Republic of Iran is diffused, and despite the structural and normative shortcomings in this area, the elaboration of an appropriate model for law drafting has not been considered by the relevant academic communities or related governance associations. By examining different patterns of law-drafting, the establishment of a consensus-based law-drafting system can be considered as a favorable option for the Iranian law-making.

The miracle of the Holy Qur'an has several aspects; one of them is the legislative miracle; which means that, God's challenge on the Qur'an also includes the legislative system (knowledge related to beliefs and rulings). This aspect of the miracle of the Qur'an has not been discussed like any other aspects of the Qur'anic miracle extensively. This study seeks to prove the miracle of the Qur'an in the aspect of legislation, which has been argued in an analytical and attributive method to the comprehensiveness, and scope of the Qur'anic teachings and rulings and the power to adapt to the requirements of time through keeping the principles and rules descended to the Prophet. A third idea has been put forward in explaining the Qur'an's comprehensiveness, by expressing the view of absolute comprehensiveness in relation to all divine and human sciences and the comprehensiveness in matters of human guidance and that is, the purpose of the comprehensiveness of the Qur'an is to express the principles and rules that make human beings achieve various sciences. To prove the third view, the Qur'anic and narrative evidence as well as the study of the scope of Qur'anic verses are considered. At the same time, the secret of conformity of the Qur'anic legislations to the requirements of time is explained by the five principles (conformity with nature, the expression of general and lasting principles, secondary titles, the authority of the Prophet and the Fourteen Infallibles' tradition, and the principle of ijtihad). The result is that these guidance teachings have only come from God, because the ordinary human cannot express his view without connecting to revelation (Wahy) in various aspects of the religious teachings in the general context from the beginning to the end of the world and by applying different ways of reasoning to the Afaq and Anfus verses. At the same time, in the legal and ethical rulings, the human must be the creator of the teachings, which are comprehensive, epidemic, and applicable to the requirements of all times.

The term ‘legislative Politics’ determines a country prospective view, and provide its own expectation from ‘legal institutions’ before enacting relevant acts. But in the Iranian legal system, since legislator doubted between ‘adoption’ and ‘fostering’, the legislative politics about orphan children is dual and vague. That situation caused by two facts: on one hand, in Islamic context adoption has some limitations, and on the other hand sometimes best interests of the child requires an adoptive family and government inevitably is attracted to adoption. These dual politics caused some discordance, conflicts in the acts and also discouraged adoptive parents or attracted them to the alternative options (such as Embryo Donation for infertile couples). The legislator must determine its own politics definitely and pass from its doubt forever.

An increase in migration to cities in search of new employment opportunities has resulted in an unprecedented growth in the population of urban centers. In recent decades governments have been forced to physically organize and control cities and to establish regulations for the supervision of this development. Cities in Iran have also followed this general universal trend, necessitating the establishment of rules and regulations to meet the growing demand. This article seeks to review briefly the general legislative process regarding city planning which has taken place for the past hundred years, pointing out some of the more conflicting laws that have since emerged. In this regard, an attempt is made to show the impact of conflicting decisions and plans vis-a-vis and regulations, and the existence of parallel organs of decision making that have resulted in mote harm than good in the process.